Climate Relationships Research Articles

Examining the Triadic Relationship of Servant Leadership, Teacher Leadership, and Psychosocial Safety Climate in K-12 Schools

ABSTRACT This study delves into the complex interplay among servant leadership, teacher leadership, and psychosocial safety climate within educational settings. It analyzes three competing models to elucidate these relationships: (1) Teacher leadership as a mediating factor in the nexus between servant leadership and contextual performance, moderated by psychosocial safety climate; (2) Psychosocial safety climate as a mediating factor in the nexus between servant leadership and contextual performance, moderated by teacher leadership; and (3) Teacher leadership as a mediator in the psychosocial safety climate -contextual performance link, with servant leadership as a moderator. The methodology involved structural equation modeling analysis to determine the most effective framework for understanding these dynamics. The current research elucidates that model 1 displays superior fit indices, indicating a more robust alignment with the data. Additionally, the study accentuates the pivotal role of psychosocial safety climate, positing that within educational contexts characterized by elevated psychosocial safety, the influence exerted by teacher leadership on contextual performance is notably magnified.

A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis of the Motivational Climate and Hedonic Well-Being Constructs: The Importance of the Athlete Level

Motivational climate is known to relate to individual behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Hedonic or subjective well-being includes self-assessed positive affect (i.e., pleasant affect, moods, and emotions), negative affect (i.e., unpleasant affect, moods, and emotions), and life or domain-specific satisfaction. The aim of this review was to quantify the relationships between task and ego motivational climate scales and measures representing hedonic well-being with sports participants. Potential moderators of the motivational climate and hedonic well-being were examined. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID CRD42023470462, registered 28 October 2023). From five relevant databases, one relevant review, and hand searching, 82 articles totaling 26,378 participants (46.3% female) met the inclusion criteria. The articles spanned publication dates from 1993 to 2023, representing 18 countries, various team and individual sports, and athletes competing in elite (e.g., Olympic) to grassroot (e.g., club sport) competitions. To meta-analyze the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships, the random-effects model was used. For the moderation analyses, the mixed-effects model was used. The task or mastery climate relationships were medium in magnitude with positive affect and satisfaction and small with negative affect. The ego or performance climate relationships were small in magnitude for positive affect, negative affect, and satisfaction. Evidence of bias existed in the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships. For moderation analyses, athlete level (i.e., elite vs. non-elite) moderated (p < 0.05) the task (elite, r = 0.23; non-elite, r = 0.34) and ego motivational climate (elite, r = −0.02; non-elite, r = −0.13) and positive affect and satisfaction combined relationships. In conclusion, the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships were stronger for the task climate than for the ego climate. The finding that elite athlete correlations appeared dampened is important for future research. Even with the damped relationships, practitioners, from the Olympics to local clubs, should ensure the promotion of the task climate to maximize positive affect and satisfactions in and around the sport experience.

Idiosyncrasy and predictability in intraspecific trait–climate relationships of grasses

AbstractMany plant species can exhibit remarkable variation in leaf characteristics, depending on their abiotic and biotic environment. Environmental changes therefore have the potential to alter leaf traits, which in turn scale up to influence ecosystem processes including net primary productivity, susceptibility to fire, and palatability to herbivores. It is not well understood how consistent trait–environment relationships are among species, across sites and over time. This presents a fundamental challenge for functional ecology, because no study can measure all relevant species in all places at all times. Thus, understanding the limits of transferability is critical. We collected leaf trait measurements on 13 species of grass (family: Poaceae) across 11 sites and five years (n = 3091 individuals). Sites were arrayed along a spatial precipitation gradient in coastal northern California (annual precipitation of 590–1350 mm) with substantial interannual precipitation variability (from 60% below the 30‐year average to 100% above average). Temporal and spatial linear relationships between precipitation and specific leaf area (SLA) appear at first idiosyncratic, with each species sometimes displaying positive and sometimes negative responses. However, this variation arises from sampling different portions of an underlying hump‐shaped relationship, which was shared across most species. This hump‐shaped relationship was driven primarily by changes in leaf tissue density. These results suggest the potential for transferability among species, as well as between space and time, as long as the gradients are sufficiently long to capture the nonlinear response. Future work could explore the physiological basis of the nonlinear SLA response, including the possibility that distinct physiological mechanisms are operating at the two extremes of the gradient.

Rethinking frontline health workers’ safety performance in times of pandemic: the role of spiritual leadership

This study examined the impact of spiritual leadership style on frontline health workers’ safety performance through the mediating role of safety climate. Also, leader–member exchange (LMX) was examined as a moderator of the safety climate and safety performance relationship. Survey data from 582 frontline health workers in Ghana’s Greater Accra and Ashanti regions were analyzed using AMOS version 23. Findings showed that spiritual leadership dimensions significantly influenced health workers’ safety performance. Altruistic love and vision also significantly influenced safety climate. However, hope did not influenced safety climate. Moreover, safety climate had an impact onsafety performance dimensions. Furthermore, safety climate mediated the relationship between altruistic love, vision, and safety performance. However, safety climate did not mediate the relationship between hope and safety performance. Lastly, LMX moderated the positive effect of safety climate on safety compliance but not on safety participation. This study offers valuable insights for improving frontline health workers’ safety performance during pandemics.

Vegetation changes through stadial and interstadial stages of MIS 4 and MIS 3 based on a palynological analysis of the Girraween Lagoon sediments of Darwin, Australia

A palynological record from Girraween Lagoon sediments (Darwin region of the Northern Territory, Australia) provides detailed long-term insight into tropical savanna vegetation community patterns, climatic and fire relationships, through Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS 4: 71–57 thousand years ago, ka) and Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3: 57–29 ka). Owing to a lack of data in reconstructing northern Australian environments, this paper looks to define and describe to a greater degree the nature and scope of these stadial and interstadial stages for the region. Girraween Lagoon simultaneously provides proximal palaeoecological data for the time and region of Aboriginal people's first arrival into Australia, also encompassing the late Pleistocene continental decline of megafauna. This study provides a dataset enabling full exploration of long-term people-landscape and faunal-floral interactions. Sea levels and associated variations imposed on the transportation of moisture and heat, held implications for MIS 4 and MIS 3 monsoon strength, which was particularly consequential for Girraween regional ecology. Results reveal a prolonged transition from wooded- to grassy-savanna, into a cool drier semi-arid savanna. Increasingly episodic delivery of moisture influenced the permanency of freshwater in the landscape.

Perceptions of religious Israeli high school principals regarding school climate after the COVID-19 pandemic, and its connection to their management style

PurposeThe global COVID-19 crisis posed many managerial and leadership challenges for principals. More specifically, after the crisis passed noticeable changes in school climate manifested and affected principal management style. The present study examined perceptions of principals regarding school climate and its impact on management style. The research literature clearly affirms the profound impact of school climate in terms of the relationship between students and school leaders. The study focused solely on religious high schools because, in Israel, the negative impact of the pandemic was most marked there.Design/methodology/approachThe study was qualitative in nature, and included semi-structured interviews with 10 religious school principals in Israel. Study participants were asked about the existing school climate and their management style in light of the COVID-19 period.FindingsThis study indicated that positive school climate and interpersonal relationships between principals and students were affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Study participants reported that principals had to work arduously in the post-COVID-19 period to restore and improve positive school climate and consequently their management style also needed altering. Specifically, restoring open lines of communication and a sense of belonging as the main components of the school climate were the main foci of principal work. The principals' management style had to be more open and inclusive to restore a sense of belonging and security among students.Originality/valueThe study highlights the importance of an open and inclusive management style to restore positive school climate after crises.

An abrupt vegetation change on south-central Yunnan Plateau (Southwest China) during the last deglaciation

The magnitude and pace of anthropogenic climate change are increasing the likelihood of abrupt changes in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. The Last Deglacial Transition (LDT) witnessed global and regional climate change and caused vegetation change globally. The recognition and attribution of deglacial abrupt vegetation conversion would certainly enhance our understanding on the survivability and resilience of ecosystems to climate change. Here, we conducted statistical analyses for a pollen record from Yilong Lake, southwestern China, focusing on the period of the LDT. Biome changes since the Last Glacial Maximum were reconstructed numerically by using a standard approach of pollen-plant functional type-biome assignment (biomization). Principal component analysis and structure change test were applied on pollen composition and diversity data. Modern vegetation and climate relationship was analyzed to discuss climatic conditions for the vegetation conversion in Yilong region during the LDT. Our results revealed a vegetation conversion occurring around 14.3 cal kyr BP, characterized by abrupt shifts in pollen compositions and biomes and also reduction in diversity indices. We suggested that the cumulative pressure of climate warming during the LDT was probably the critical climatic variable triggering the vegetation conversion in Yilong region, while precipitation played an important role in regulating the proportions or coverages of different vegetation types after the development of evergreen broadleaved forest. By the end of tthis century, climate under intermediate to very high greenhouse gas emission scenarios were projected to reach the thresholds for vegetation transitions from evergreen broadleaved forest to (monsoon) rainforest, or to Savanna-like vegetation. However, it is still a challenge to forecast accurately when or on what spatial scale vegetation change will happen because vegetation responses to climate change are complicated and the topography and habitats on Yunnan Plateau are extremely diverse.

A Comparison of the Chronologies of Introduced versus Native Coniferous Tree Species Growing in Northwestern Poland during the Period of Global Warming

The ongoing climatic changes are causing the extinction of numerous species or their withdrawal from previously occupied areas. The environmental and economic significance of introduced species may increase. The aim of the present study was to examine the rate of growth of coniferous species growing in northwestern Poland and to analyze the tree ring width–climate relationships. Six tree species were selected for this study. Two of these species have natural occurrences in Poland: Pinus sylvestris and Larix decidua. The remaining four species were introduced from North America: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Thuja plicata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Pinus strobus. Samples were collected from 131 trees using a Pressler borer at 1.3 m above ground. Tree ring widths were measured down to 0.01 mm. Climatic data were retrieved from a weather station located 23 km from the study plot. The average tree ring width reaches the lowest value for the P. sylvestris chronology (1.62 mm/year) and for P. strobus (1.69 mm/year), and the highest value is reached for T. plicata (2.80 mm/year) and P. menziesii (2.56 mm/year). The analysis of weather conditions in the designated pointer years and the response function analysis indicate that winter and early spring air temperature is the factor responsible for the formation of wide tree rings in the following species studied: P. sylvestris, C. lawsoniana, P. menziesii, and T. plicata. For L. decidua and P. strobus, the climate–growth relationships are different: weather conditions in the previous growth year are important, and it is the weather in the late spring and summer months. Two of the investigated introduced species (T. plicata and P. menziesii) are characterized by very good acclimatization and are best adapted to the new habitat during the current climate changes. These tree species can constitute a basis for replacing native species, which, due to increasingly severe droughts and higher temperatures, are doing less and less well in their current habitats. Foresters wanting to conduct sustainable forest management will look for replacement species that are well adapted to new habitat conditions in order to maintain the continuity of forest cover.

Social Variables and Maladaptive Behaviours among Secondary School Students in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

The study examined Social variables and Maladaptive behaviour of public senior secondary school students in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Three research questions were formulated and three hypotheses were stated in their null form and tested with appropriate statistics at a .05 level of significance. The descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised 54,216 senior secondary two (SS2) students in all 235 public secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nwana’s sampling formula was used to select 20% of students from nineteen (9) public secondary schools. The researcher made use of a questionnaire entitled (FVSDBTQ) to obtain data from respondents. The instrument was validated by experts in the sociology of Education and Measurement and Evaluation from the Department of Educational Foundations, Guidance and Counseling, University of Uyo, Uyo. Cronbach Apha analysis for internal consistency reliability of the instrument yielded a coefficient of .96. Research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested using independent t-test and ANOVA. The study revealed that social variables differ in terms of the maladaptive behaviour of secondary school students in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The independent t-test and ANOVA of the hypotheses indicated significant differences in students’ maladaptive behaviour based on family discipline, family emotional climate and parent-child relationship. It was, therefore, concluded that social variables differ significantly based on students’ maladaptive behaviour in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The researcher made some useful recommendations which include: parents should also take the discipline of their children seriously; parents should show a good example for their children to emulate and parents should also develop a healthy relationship with their children to help them develop good moral behaviour among other recommendations.

'A ward full of emotional, aggressive people': Social climate and interpersonal relationships in forensic settings caring for patients with borderline personality disorder.

Therapeutic relationships play a central role in maintaining a positive social climate in forensic settings. The interpersonal difficulties characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder, alongside the secure environment of forensic wards, can make developing positive therapeutic relationships with this patient group challenging. Qualitative interviews aimed to explore how ward staff understand and experience the interaction of interpersonal relationships and social climate when caring for patients with Borderline Personality Disorder on forensic wards. Interviews with 11 staff members working across UK forensic inpatient settings were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis and reported following COREQ guidelines. Six interrelated themes were generated; three describe relational cycles that occur between ward staff and patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and three describe systemic factors that influence the context in which ward staff operate. From these themes, an integrative model was developed to summarise how factors in the wider forensic system and the interpersonal relationships between staff and patients with Borderline Personality Disorder in forensic wards influence one another, affecting staff experiences of the social climate of forensic settings. The model illustrates how complex cycles within the therapeutic relationships with staff and patients with Borderline Personality Disorder can interact with systemic influences in the wider forensic context to influence staff experiences of forensic settings. Clinical implications of the model are discussed, offering recommendations for improving therapeutic relationships and the social climate on forensic wards caring for patients with Borderline Personality Disorder, to better support staff and patient wellbeing.

Motivational Climate, Physical Self-Concept, and Social Relationships in Adolescents in Physical Education Classes: A Systematic Review

The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive summary of scientific evidence related with the influence on physical self-concept and prosocial behaviours in adolescents, taking into account the motivational climate generated in Physical Education classes by the teacher. Studies with similar samples have shown that special consideration must be given to the motivational climate of involvement with the task and the coach’s style in support of autonomy in a greater occurrence of prosocial behaviours in the sports context, which shows that the social context is the most important variable in the direction of moral behaviours. Following the application of a search protocol in the Web of Science (WoS) database, 131 articles were initially identified, with eight manuscripts finally being analysed according to previously established criteria for the various stages of the PRISMA checklist. Despite only a relatively small number of articles being available to have rigorously evaluated the topic of interest, analysed studies revealed a direct relationship between motivational climate and physical self-concept. In contrast, no relationship emerged with prosocial behaviour.

Happiness At Workplace Based on Demographic Factors of Teachers

Happiness is a psychological condition that is quite important for everyone, including teachers, because it can affect work behavior – individuals who are happy at work will feel satisfied at work, have better performance, and be more involved in the organization. Happiness also has an impact on student welfare and performance, can maintain a positive classroom climate and good relationships among students. This research uses a quantitative approach. The study aims to provide an overview of happiness at work for teachers based on demographic factors. The research subjects were 119 elementary, middle, and high school teachers. Research subjects were selected through accidental sampling. The data collection instrument was the happiness at work scale. The statistical analysis technique used is descriptive analysis, t-test, and product–moment correlation. The results of the analysis show that happiness in the teacher’s workplace is high, and there are differences in happiness in the workplace in terms of the level of school. There is a positive relationship between age, years of service, and happiness at work.
 Keywords: demographic factors, happiness at work, teachers

Dakota skipper distribution model for North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota aids conservation planning under changing climate scenarios

Species distribution models are useful conservation planning tools for at-risk species, especially if they are linked to planning efforts, conservation delivery, and a changing environment. The Dakota skipper (Hesperia dacotae) is an endemic butterfly of mixed and tallgrass prairie of the northern Great Plains that is listed as federally threatened in the United States and Canada. We modeled broad-scale habitat suitability for the Dakota skipper by relating occurrence observations collected via non-probabilistic population surveys and a stratified sample of pseudo-absences to environmental predictors using a machine learning approach (i.e. Random Forest classification model). Predictors were summarized at two local scales and one landscape scale to reflect a potential spatial hierarchy of settlement responses. We used recursive feature elimination to select the top 25 covariates from a suite of predictor variables related to climate, topography, vegetation cover, biomass, surface reflectance, disturbance history, and soil characteristics. The top model included six bioclimatic, one soil, and 18 local- and landscape-scale vegetation variables and indicated an association with undisturbed grasslands with higher perennial grass and forb cover and biomass. The model performed well, with kappa and AUC estimates of 0.92 and 0.99, respectively, for 20% of data withheld for validation. To understand how climate change might affect Dakota skipper distribution, we applied the model using future 30-year bioclimatic predictions. Predicted suitable habitat declined and the climate envelope associated with Dakota skipper occurrence shifted north into Canada. While it is unknown to what degree the bioclimatic relationships in the model are biologically meaningful or are simply correlative with our non-probabilistic sample of occurrences, our results present an urgency to improve data collection for Dakota skipper populations and better understand climatic relationships, as climate change could have profound effects on populations and conservation planning. Regardless of climate or model uncertainty, our results demonstrate the importance of maintaining sufficient quantities and quality of grass on the landscape to support populations of Dakota skipper.

Community Risk and Resilience to Wildfires: Rethinking the Complex Human–Climate–Fire Relationship in High-Latitude Regions

Community risk and resilience to high-latitude wildfires has received limited conceptual attention, with a comprehensive, integrated framework that unpacks the complex human–fire–climate relationship in high-latitude environments largely missing. In this paper, we use insights from both the climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction literature to build a conceptual framework to understand the factors and dynamics of risk and resilience to wildfires at the community level in high-latitude regions. Using an illustrative case study, the framework demonstrates how unique social and ecological features of high-latitude communities elevate their risk of wildfires and emphasizes the need to think holistically about the different spatial–temporal interactions and interdependencies between fire, humans, and climate in these regions. We find that remoteness, indigeneity, subsistence-based activities, and colonial practices, along with accelerated climate warming, are notable features influencing community risk and resilience to wildfires in high-latitude regions. This framework can help unravel the complex nature of wildfires, guide stakeholders through each phase of the disaster process, and facilitate the development and design of wildfire-related policies and strategies in high-latitude regions.

Changing climate yet healthy forest stand of Tsuga dumosa in temperate zone of central Nepal

Nepal Himalaya is experiencing a faster rate of temperature rise than the global average, and the temperature has altered the growth patterns and distribution of mountain trees. A dendrochronological study was conducted for Tsuga dumosa (D.Don) Eichler to analyze growth-climate relationship from the temperate forest of central Nepal. We developed 116 year-long tree ring width chronology spanning from 1905 to 2020 CE. The study area showed a significant increase in atmospheric temperature and a decrease in rainfall during the past 42 years. It is found that the spring season (March–May) climate is sensitive to the radial growth of T. dumosa. Ring width indices showed a substantial positive correlation with the minimum temperature of January, March, and June of the growth year. Conversely, a negative correlation was observed with the maximum temperature of the previous year's months (July, September, and November), March, and September of the current year, and rainfall during June and November. Basal Area Increment (BAI) trend is positive, indicating the forest is healthy despite the decline in the years 1942, 1978, and 1998. We conclude that the warming of the spring season (March–May), previous year's late growing season and moisture supply (precipitation) during June are critical to the radial growth of Tsuga dumosa in the region. However, responses from multiple species and their exposure to different climate regimes would ideally be required to make predictions on the growth climate relationships of forest trees.

Investigating the Relationship of the Integrity Climate of a Public Organization with Corruption in Construction Projects

Investigating the Relationship of the Integrity Climate of a Public Organization with Corruption in Construction Projects

COVID-19: Experiences of Social Workers Supporting Older Adults With Dementia in Nigeria.

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous public health protocols were instituted by government agencies to safeguard individuals with dementia, their family caregivers, and formal care providers. While these preventive measures were implemented with good intentions, they inadvertently imposed significant challenges on medical social workers in Nigeria. This paper explored the experiences of medical social workers caring for people with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Twenty-six medical social workers from 6 government hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria participated in an in-depth interview. The research reveals 3 pivotal aspects: Firstly, the escalating demands within the work environment, where medical social workers grapple with the intricate task of conveying sensitive information about dementia diagnosis and COVID-19 prevention protocol, managing expectations regarding dementia diagnoses, and navigating resource constraints for individuals with dementia during the pandemic. Secondly, discernible impacts on the work climate and interprofessional relationships shed light on the challenges these professionals face in collaborating with other healthcare providers. Lastly, the reverberations on social workers' personal lives underscore the pandemic's toll on their well-being. Thus, the findings underscore the need for proactive measures to equip medical social workers to face the distinctive challenges in dementia care during future pandemics. Recognizing the potential resurgence of global health crises, the research highlights the need for strategic preparedness to mitigate the impact of future pandemics on the well-being of individuals with dementia and the professionals dedicated to their care.

Relationships of school climate, parental support, life satisfaction, and internet gaming disorder among adolescents

This research study examines the relationship between school climate, perceived parental support, life satisfaction, and Internet gaming disorder in adolescents. A total of 719 respondents aged 16-19 years participated in the study (M=17.8; SD=1.11). The questionnaire battery consisted of the following research methodologies: the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF; Pontes, Griffiths, 2015), the Delaware School Climate Survey-Student Questionnaire (Bear et al, 2011), Perceived Parental Support Scale (PPS, Thorlindsson et al., 1998), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS, Diener, et. al., 1985). Results demonstrated that parental support acted as a mediator in the relationship between perceived life satisfaction and Internet gaming disorder in adolescents.

Analyses of intra-annual density fluctuation signals in Himalayan cedar trees from Himachal Pradesh, western Himalaya, India, and its relationship with apple production

Intra-annual density fluctuation (IADF) refers to anatomical changes in the tree ring caused by a sudden change in wood density triggered by a combination of climate variations and various biotic and abiotic influences. To reveal the occurrence of IADFs, we analyze the growth rings of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara) growing over the Kullu region, Himachal Pradesh, western Himalaya. Using 30 increment cores, we precisely dated and developed a 214-year-long tree-ring chronology extending back to AD 1808. The tree–growth–climate relationship using ring-width chronology and observed climate data revealed that cool and moist condition provides favorable condition for Himalayan cedar tree growth. Delving deeper into wood anatomy of growth rings, we revealed the frequent occurrences of IADFs in both earlywood (IADFe) and latewood (IADFl). The formation of IADFs in earlywood (IADFe) is related to the reduced precipitation from April to July, causing moisture stress in the soil and surrounding climate. However, wetter conditions in the late growing season, mainly August–October, activated the formation of IADFs in latewood (IADFl). The study revealed several IADF years in earlywood and latewood, such as 1901, 1902, 1903, 1914, 1915, 1919, 1920, 1923, 1925, 1943, 1958, 1959 and 1937, 1955, 1956, 1988, respectively. These IADF years corresponded with unusual climatic fluctuations that severely affected apple production, the major cash crop in the region. The analyses demonstrated that the IADF chronology of Himalayan cedar would be a valuable proxy to understand abrupt and unusual climatic fluctuations from a long-term perspective for the data-scarce western Himalayan region.

A qualitative study of factors that managers in small companies consider important for their wellbeing

ABSTRACT Purpose Given the importance of small businesses for society, and the significance of managers’ wellbeing for employee health, leadership, and business performance, more knowledge is needed on the sources of managers’ wellbeing. This study explored factors within the small business context that were perceived by managers to hinder or enable their wellbeing. Methods Data were collected through qualitative semi-structured interviews with 20 managers from 12 small companies, and analysed with content analysis. Results The factors that these managers in small businesses experienced as enhancing or hindering their personal wellbeing covered five categories: demands and resources in the daily managerial work, achievement of results, social factors, organizational factors, and individual factors. Conclusions The specific context of managerial work in small companies encompasses unique factors. For instance, the small company managers’ wellbeing was affected by vulnerability due to the smallness of the business and the absence of available resources. Simultaneously, a small company context provided a strong social climate and close relationships with employees and customers that strengthened the managers’ wellbeing. The findings suggest that the availability of financial, personnel, and organizational resources varies between small companies of different size, which may have implications for small business managers’ work and wellbeing.